The Is The Atomic Bomb Signaled Not Only The Commencement...

The atomic bomb signaled not only the commencement of the Cold War, but also a political divide between the communist ideologies of the Soviet Union and the democracy of the Western world. A fear of communism behind the Iron Curtain and nuclear annihilation spread throughout the US, while existential views regarding the meaning of life arose. Through their texts, composers subverted dominant Cold War paradigms to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ATQ†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Samuel Beckett’s modernist existential play ‘Waiting for Godot (Godot) (1953)’ is a philosophical questioning on the purpose of human existence, and the nature of scientific development. In response to the existential angst following WW2, Beckett uses the conventions of Absurdist theatre to examine philosophical†¦show more content†¦This is established at the beginning of Act 1, through an allusion to Christian philosophy in Vladimir’s dialogue about the fable of the two thieves, where ‘One is supp osed to have been saved and the other damned’. In his allusion to the Bible, Beckett emphasises chance being woven into even the most sacred of texts that supposedly hold the ultimate truth for humanity. Moreover, in his book Understanding Samuel Beckett (1990), Alan Astro highlights that it is God s silence that causes the real hopelessness amidst all the comical actions of Beckett’s characters. He suggests, the recourse to bookkeeping by the philosopher (Pascal) no less than the clownish tramp shows how helpless we are with respect to God s silence. However, while Beckett’s play is concerned with a loss of meaning, it raises a positive message, implying â€Å"we are free to give our own lives meaning and purpose, free to redeem our suffering by making something of it† (Kaufmann). While Beckett sees little reason for hope after witnessing the trauma caused by the very weapons meant to preserve world peace, he is unable to relinquish it entirely. This is evident in the symbol of the tree. The tree is central to the set design of the play, for the sprouting of leaves in act 2, metaphorically suggests new life and resolution- an image of hope againstShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesrecognized it had a problem deciding how to assign the right project manager to the right project. Project managers had to be familiar with all three methodologies. The alternative, considered 6 FERRIS HEALTHCARE, INC. impractical, was to assign only those project managers familiar with that specific methodology. After six months of meetings, the company consolidated the three methodologies into a single methodology, focusing more upon guidelines than on policies and procedures. The entire organization

Importance Of Economic Market Structure - 3664 Words

Importance of Economic Market Structures Kevin Green Economics 204 Principles of Microeconomics Charles Fanning 8-3-14 Importance of Economic Market Structure In today’s economy, before an investor or any organization makes a strategic decision to begin production of a product, a market analysis is done to get vital information and to thoroughly understand the domestic or international demand, current suppliers, entry and exit barriers into a market, and the cost of producing a product or service. From gathering this information a firm can identify the market structure the product will enter, find out potential long-run profitability, survivability, incentives and cost efficiency. In this paper I will describe the characteristics of these four market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly while providing an illustrative example of a couple. Also within this paper will describe the pressures with high entry barriers, preferred selling and buying markets, projected reaction to price changes for elastic and inelastic goods, government intervention and the e xpected effect of international trade on economic markets. The knowledge of knowing how a product or production firm fits into a particular economic market structure is important to investors because it influences a firm’s opportunities and business strategies for a successful venture. 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The Psychological Tendency of Saddam Hussein

Questions: A) Tyrant outline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Give brief introductory background on Saddam Hussein(from Iraq) on why he is considered a tyrant, and explain which type of social power he was showing from the following: Coercive Reward Legitimate Referent Informational or expert power B) Compliance, Identification and internalisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Explain each, and give examples of individual responses to the influence of others.    C) Types of conformity and theoretical models- Describe majority and minority compliance; also discuss two models of conformity (informational and normative) explaining why and when they occur.    D) Increasing conformity and resisting pressures to conform à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Describe factors increasing or decreasing conformity and evaluate Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s variations on his (1951) line experiment.    E) Social power and obedience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Evaluate Milgram, Zimbardo and Hofling experiments; on practical and ethical issues (make sure you outline the ethical issues).    F) Increasing obedience and resisting pressure to obey- Describe and evaluate factors that make obedience to an authority figure more and less likely using Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s variations of his (1963) electric shocks experiment (you have to explain what happens when he changed the setting and also when the uniform changed).       Answers: Introduction: This assignment deals with the psychological tendency of Saddam Hussein, a ruler of Iraq. However, this assignment has dealt with different models and theories of internationalization. Proper models of conformity have been described with detail explanation within this assignment. A. Outline of Tyrant: Saddam Hussein is called one of the most brutal oppressive presidents among world. He was the president of Iraq during the era of 1994 to 2003. Previously, he had joined Baath party and become the leader of this party. During his regime, mass of Iraq had faced immense problems and issues regarding social as well as human rights. Saddamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main target was abolishing the people of Shiite Muslims and ethnic Kurds. Iraqi people had faced immense troubles during the regime of Saddam. Different types of civil and religious war happened during this era. As discussed by Baker (2002), human rights was very much trouble some during the era of Saddam Hussein. There was lack of women safety or any types of human rights within the society. The people of Iraq had to face difficulties in order to acquire education and other necessities of life. Iraqi government that was ruled by Saddam had conducted pervasive repression as well as oppression. This oppression and suppression had led to the success of widespread terror within the society. During the regime of Saddam, level of violence against the women had been increased a lot. Women within this regime had suffered from psychological trauma. Incidents of rape had been increased among lots of women within this society.   However, different political units have done sexual harassment and rape towards the women as a political instrument. They had used this violence as a political instrument. On the other hand, Bocchiaro and Zamperini (2012),   argued that, Saddam did illegal experiment on biological weapons. Saddam targeted ethnic Kurds to oppress them. During his regime, Saddam took different brutal techniques of punishments. Electric shocks, pulling out nail from finger, beating, burning, dripping acid on face, denial of water and food to the inhabitants were very common phenomenon of Saddam while ruling Iraq. According to the report of United Nations, Iraq had executed 1500 people for different political reasons. On the other hand, Saddam had started giving training of weapon use among the scool children of Iraq. Saddam had forced more or less every family to take training of guns and other weapons. These camps were called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Saddam Cubsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ those were included 10-15 years children who had to initiate hand to hand fighting and other types of brutal behaviors. There were immense levels of child labors within the society. There was lack of proper medicine, food within the society. Basic freedoms of speech, press and information were in danger. However, Brownlee (2002) discussed that, Saddam Hussein had shown coercive power to the people of the society. Saddam Hussein had done a dictatorship towards his people. The feature of coercive power is involved in giving punishment to the people who have non-compliance with the ruler. Therefore, it can be seen that Saddam had provided punishment to the people of his choice. Saddam Hussein had abused the people of society by providing coercive power towards them.    B. Concepts of Compliance, internalization and identification: As discussed by Bruno et al.(2011), social influence refers to the process of affecting behavior, opinion and emotion of a person through individual person or organization as well as society. However, social influence can occur with many forms of conformity, peer pressure, socialization, leadership and persuasion. On the other hand, noted psychologist Herbert Kelman had identified three distinct ranges of social influence. These ranges are as follows: Compliance: It happens when individual agree with other people within the group by keeping their private opinion safe. As discussed by Gordon (2003), compliance can be an act of response towards implicit or explicit requests those are given by other members of the particular group. Internalization: It happens when people starts to accept behavior or belief and values both private and public level of the society. In this process, individual people accept set of norms those are guided by some other people of the society. People can be influenced by some norms of other influential people in this process. Individual like to accept the influences as because the influential people are influence to every individual within the society. Identification: In this process, people are influenced by some famous as well as respected personality within the society. This process mainly happens within the aspect of providing advertisement with celebrity while attracting the people about the brand or product. Celebrity endorsement is involved within this process. C. Types of theoretical models and conformity: Majority and minority compliance: As discussed by Jarman et al. (2015),   mainly there are two types of social influences in terms of psychological processes. There are also differences within the minority and majority influence. Majority influence refers to the desire of people in order to fit in within particular group. However, this includes acquiring different attributes as well as behavior or different attitudes within the group. As consequence of majority compliance people within the group have to face pressure of the particular group. On the other hand, Jue et al. (2012) argued that, minority compliance refers to certain influences those can be exerted by minority over the majority. In this regard, majority starts to accept beliefs, values, and behavior of the minority. However, Klose and Lasser (2012) stated that, one important psychological process of majority influence underlies through direct compliance of public. In this regard, Deutsch and Gerard had proposed dual process dependency model of majority and minority compliance. Therefore, two motives of conformity are informational social influence and normative social influence.    Influencing factors for conformity: As discussed by Asch, group sizes, unanimity, confidence, and self-esteem are the factors for influencing conformity. However, in order to increase conformity self-esteem should be challenged. However, size of group should be increased for increasing conformity and vice versa for decreasing the level of conformity. Increasing factors of conformity always are linked with the authority. However, decreasing level of conformity is closer to victim. Normative social influence: Normative social influence is referred to the process of need acceptance and approval by the society. Normative influence refers to the process of updating the behaviors to adopt new association among the particular group. The people need to change the behavior as per the particular group as they have fear of reject by the group. However, in this case of conformity, every individual member can secure his or her individual opinion within the group.   Informational social influence: On the other hand, Ã…Â ukasik et al. (2013) explains about the informational social influence as a type of uncertain association with a particular group. In this case, individual people are very much uncertain about the behavior within a situation. Individual people are not sure and confident about their beliefs, values and behaviors as well as opinions. Major difference within majority and minority influence is involved within compliance, high demand of support within majority influence. On the other hand, and minority influence relies on change, lower need for approval. D. Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s variation line experiment: There are different experiments regarding conformity or social influences upon individual people. Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Conformity Experiment is very popular as well as important in order to research with this particular area of social influence. Popular psychologist Solomon Asch asked different participants for completing their belief through simple perceptual task. Asch told the participants to choose a line that always matched the length of three lines. However, Asch asked one participant the individual would choose correct line. However, in this regard, Solomon Asch asked individual in the presence of confederates who were on the experiment and intentionally selected the wrong line. However, 75 % participants have conformed to the group. In this regard, Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Conformity Experiment can be one of the best examples of normative influence within the participants. The participants of this research has changed their respective answer and conformed to the particular group in order to fit within this group.    However, Perle (2001) discussed that, many researchers have properly utilized Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s methodology. The paradigm of Asch has been remained very influential for the individual within the aspects of social psychology. Many researchers within the field of psychology can utilize this paradigm of social influence. This experiment can be utilized in order to examine effective relationship between task importance and conformity, gender, age and culture within the society. On the other hand, Pillar (2006) argued that, many researcher has interpreted the conformity experiment of Asch as an evidence of normative social influence and power of conformity. Evaluation of Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s study: The main limitation of this study is that Asch was biased in taking sample for the experiment. Every participant was male and had belonged to the same group of age. According to Klose and Lasser (2012), this indicates that sample has lacked from effective validity. This study had not included female participants as well as elder people therefore; result cannot be called as proper and accurate result.    On the other hand, Russell (2011) argued that, this task also can be considered as artificial technique of measuring conformity among people. This study has low level of ecological validity. The results of this study cannot be generalized with other types of situation within the human life of individual.    This study has also faced different ethical issues regarding the participants. The participants of the study had to face immense pressures of psychology after participating in this experiment.    E. Social obedience and power: Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Experiment: Psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of experiments to measure the willingness of the participants for obeying an authoritative figure. This authoritative figure has instructed them to provide effective performance regarding the particular process. This authority instructs the people to act like them that are very conflicting with the personal conscience and beliefs of those persons. This experiment took place at the era of Nazi war in German. This experiment is involved within the experiment of shock. Practical issues: However, Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ study has effective practical value as because the application of this study have shown that the people have a tendency to the destructive obedience. Ethical issues of this experiment: However, this experiment has raised the questions about research ethics of different scientific experiments. However, this experiment was conducted within the era of brutal tyranny of Nazi in Germany. Milgram wanted to experiment the behavior of general people in accordance with the cruel behavior of the oppressor within the society. This experiment broke several guidelines of ethics. Zimbardoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiment: As discussed by Schmitter et al. (2015), psychologist Zimbardo had conducted an experiment to investigate the process of conformation of people to the brutal guards of the prison in an exercise of role-playing. Zimbardo had conducted this experiment in order to find the brutality of guards of prison of America. Zimbardo had conducted this experiment in order to study the level of conformity among the prisoners of America. This psychologist had conducted this study to assess the effective role of people within the situation of prison. This experiment can be called as prison simulation process. Practical issues: Regarding the practical issues virtual prison cannot be made like realistic structure of model. Some real conditions of prisons were missing at the time of the study, like racism, practice of homosexuality, unnecessary beatings etc. Ethical issues: However, this study has also received criticisms regarding different ethical issues. Participants of the experiment did this study without taking full consent. However, the people who acted as prisoners had been experienced from distress and mental pressure. The participants of prisoners had to suffer from physical and psychological harm.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hoflingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiment: According to Wedgwood (2003), Hofling had conducted a realistic experience of obedience through a naturalistic field study within the setting of hospital. Hofling conducted this study by involving 22 real nurses and a doctor for completing the experiment. Hofling demonstrated that, people in front of their authority become very unwilling in order to question to the authority. If those people have good reason, still they do not disclose true answers to the authority. On the other hand, Woods et al. (2006) argued that, this experimental study have shown a wide level of ecological validity as this experiment had conducted within real environment. This study was more real than other two studies of this particular field. Practical issues: The group after meeting each of the individual has faced some issues in private level. Such burning of flag can be considered as practical issue of the people. Ethical issues: Like other experiments, Hoflingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiment also broke ethical guidelines of conducting experiment or research. The doctor was not real. He was supposed to act like doctor. However, this experiment had less ethical issues rather those two experiments.      F. Increased nature of obedience and resistance of pressure to obey: As discussed by Zakaria (2001), shock experiment of Milgram has raised different questions regarding ethics of research or data collection. This experiment has been conducted with three distinct roles; those are experimenter who played an authoritative role within this experiment. Apart from this, teacher, learner is involved within this experiment.   However, the experiment of Milgram had been conducted for assessing the human obedience within the period of Nazi German. On the other hand, Klose and Lasser (2012) stated that, Milgram did an experiment on the effect of authority upon obedience. Milgram has provided that, people obey the authority out of fear. Milgram has discussed peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior against the power holder in his experiment. In this experiment, the learner had been taken to a room with the attachment of electric shock. The teacher is asked to provide electric shock at the time of making mistakes by the leaner. The learner gave wrong answer. In this experiment, Milgram had concluded that, general people always follow orders of authority. Conclusion: This assignment has dealt with some psychological experiments. This assignment has also provided different ethical issues while dealing with psychological experiments.    Reference lists Baker III, J. A. (2002). The right way to change a regime.  New York Times,  25, 9 Bocchiaro, P., and Zamperini, A. (2012).  Conformity, obedience, disobedience: The power of the situation. INTECH Open Access Publisher Brownlee, J. (2002). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And yet they persist: Explaining survival and transition in neopatrimonial regimes.  Studies in Comparative International Development,37(3), 35-63. Bruno, M. A., Bernheim, J. L., Ledoux, D., Pellas, F., Demertzi, A., and Laureys, S. (2011). A survey on self-assessed well-being in a cohort of chronic locked-in syndrome patients: happy majority, miserable minority.  BMJ open,  1(1), e000039 Gordon, P. H. (2003). Bush's middle east vision.  Survival,  45(1), 155-165 Jarman, M., Nowak, A., Borkowski, W., Serfass, D., Wong, A., and Vallacher, R. (2015). The Critical Few: Anticonformists at the Crossroads of Minority Opinion Survival and Collapse.  Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,18(1), 6. Jue, J. J. S., Press, M. J., McDonald, D., Volpp, K. G., Asch, D. A., Mitra, N., ... and Loewenstein, G. (2012). The impact of price discounts and calorie messaging on beverage consumption: a multi-site field study.  Preventive medicine,  55(6), 629-633. Klose, L. M., and Lasser, J. S. (2012).  Selected Social Psychological Phenomena's Effect on Educational Team Decision Making. INTECH Open Access Publisher Ã…Â ukasik, P., van Asch, M., Guo, H., Ferrari, J., and Godfray, C. J. (2013). Unrelated facultative endosymbionts protect aphids against a fungal pathogen.Ecology letters,  16(2), 214-218. Perle, R. (2001). The US Must Strike at Saddam Hussein.  New York Times,28 Pillar, P. R. (2006). Intelligence, policy, and the war in Iraq.  Foreign Affairs, 15-27 Russell, N. J. C. (2011). Milgram's obedience to authority experiments: Origins and early evolution.  British Journal of Social Psychology,  50(1), 140-162. Schmitter, P., Zwart, S. J., Danvi, A., and Gbaguidi, F. (2015). Contributions of lateral flow and groundwater to the spatio-temporal variation of irrigated rice yields and water productivity in a West-African inland valley.  Agricultural Water Management,  152, 286-298. Wedgwood, R. (2003). The fall of Saddam Hussein: Security Council mandates and preemptive self-defense.  American Journal of International Law, 576-585 Woods, K. M., Pease, M. R., Stout, M. E., Murray, W., and Lacey, J. G. (2006).Iraqi perspectives project. A view of operation Iraqi freedom from Saddam's senior leadership. United States Joint Forces Command Norfolk Va. Zakaria, F. (2001). The politics of rage: Why do they hate us?.  Newsweek Magazine,  14

Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear free essay sample

This article aims to explore the essential propositions of Christian: sin, punishment and redemption as the clue, and analyzes the behaviors and fates of characters in King Lear. First, human beings are born with sins. The characters can not escape the deep-rooted original sin in human’s nature, committing different kinds of sins. Second, God is fair to everyone. The punishment follows their sins. The characters deserved their proper punishment accordingly. Owing to their different sins, some experienced kinds of sufferings; some lost their life; some will be tortured in the hell forever. Third, God punishes those who commit the sins, but he also saves those who die for justice, and forgives those who repent. Suffering is the road leading to being redempted. After those sufferings, people were saved. The religious ideas are widely used King Lear, further heightening the feelings of Christians, and preaching the lessons of punishing the evil and advocating the good. We will write a custom essay sample on Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: Bible, Sin, Punishment, Redemption 1. Introduction William Shakespeare lived during the time of English Renaissance featuring humanism. And he is regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of this time. And a lot of books and papers studying humanistic elements have been cropping up all the time. However, Shakespeare and his works are also influenced by Christianity notably. Superficially, these two points of views seem to be in contradiction with each other. Virtually, humanism and Christianity are not a completely opposite Cultural system. The movement of Renaissance denied many aspects of Christianity, but the fact that the movement of Renaissance is deeply rooted in the hotbed of Christian Culture can not be ignored ither. Therefore many spirits and ideas of Renaissance are the extension and development of inherent elements of Christianity under the new historical circumstances. So now it should be not difficult for us to accept the certain influence of religion on Shakespeare and his works. From 1601 to 1605, William Shakespeare created his four principal tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Mac beth. For four hundred years, these tragedies have been sparkling with a peculiar beauty of their own, and have never failed to evoke pity or fear. How come they have achieved such everlasting effects? The reason is that Shakespeare endows them, especially King Lear, with some valuable religious qualities, which this thesis paper attempts to examine. 2. The influence of Christianity on Shakespeare and his works 2. 1 The influence of Christianity on Shakespeare Scholars and critics of all strips have long conceded the importance of religious belief in the production of art, literature and drama. Yet how Christian was Shakespeare? This remains a disputing question for a long time. And it is still very disputing till today. The eminent critic Harold Bloom, author of the best-selling Shakespeare: The invention of the Human (Riverhead Books, 1999), argues that â€Å"Shakespeare seems too wise to believe anything† political or religious. According to Bloom, Shakespeare could not have any religious convictions and still remain Shakespeare. And Rev. Paul Murry, O. P. , notes: â€Å"It would not, I think, to be helpful to characterize Shakespeare formally as a religious dramatist. 119 Vol. 5, No. 9 Asian Social Science The fact is that he chose, by and large, to leave religion alone. †[1] As to Bloom’s view, I myself am strongly opposed to it. Compared with the former, the latter sounds more reasonable. During the English Renaissance, Protestant reformers had recently put an end to the centuries-old tradition of religious drama. And strict laws regulating theater prohibited any explicit religious or current political events from being represented on stage. So no playwright writing for the public during this time could be formally considered a religious dramatist. Therefore, Shakespeare had to choose to address the religious issues in a strictly universal way, free of any clannish meaning or color. Although all the above-mentioned, he is very Catholic in many respects. And it is not exaggerated to say that Shakespeare is a Catholic totally. And there is a lot of evidences demonstrating that Shakespeare is closely related to Catholic. First, Shakespeare’s families are closely connected with Christian. Both of his parents appeared to have conformed to Christian despite the risks to personal wealth, freedom and life. His mother, Mary Arden, came from one of the most prominent and tenacious Catholic families in Warwickshire. The head of the clan, Edward Arden, for instance, kept his own Catholic priest, disguised as a gardener but known throughout the Avon valley as Father Hugh Hall. One of Arden’s sons-in-law, a hot-headed Catholic Fantastic named John Somerville, traveled to London on a personal mission to assassinate the Queen; apparently quite deranged, he betrayed his intensions to anyone who would listen to his ranting during his frequent tavern-hopping,. Inevitably, he was arrested and, under torture, implicated Arden and Hall. The priest died in prison while his case was being adjudicated; but in 1583 the hapless Arden was hanged and quartered, and his head struck on a spike on London Bridge. William Shakespeare was nineteen years old at the time of his cousin’s execution. Well before that traumatic date, from as far back as William’s thirteenth year, his father John had apparently begun to run into financial difficulties, at which time he tried to avoid town meetings and church attendance, allegedly to elude summons by subpoena (one could be served for debt in church). Presumably the debts were real (he defaulted on a mortgage in 1580), but the father’s financial woes seem to have been exacerbated by Crown revenge against the Ardens. In any event, John’s name was later entered on the recusant rolls of Stratford for failing to come to Anglican Church services on Sunday, as the law required. One often reads that John Shakespeare’s absence was due strictly to his fear of subpoena. But Catholic convictions must have played at least some role in the father’s recusancy. A document, supposed to have been found about 1750 under the tiles of a house in Stratford which had once been John Shakespeare’s, professes to be the spiritual testament of the said John Shakespeare, and assuming it to be authentic it would clearly prove him to have been a Catholic. The document, which was at first unhesitatingly accepted as genuine by Malone, is onsidered by most modern Shakespeare scholars to be a fabrication of J. Jordan who sent it to Malone. (Chuck Lee, 1908: 302) And we know that William Shakespeare’s daughter was also fined for recusancy and that William and his fiancee Anne Hathway married not in his Stratford church but in Temple Grafton, five miles from his birthplace. Neither the Shakespeare nor the Hathways had connections there, but the vicar of the v illage, John Frith, was cited in contemporary records as â€Å"unsound in religion,† a code-term for Catholic priests. And finally, a seventeenth-century Anglican archdeacon from nearby Coventry reported that, according to Stratford oral tradition, Shakespeare â€Å"died a papist†. Besides his family members, many of his teachers, classmates and friends maintained close connections with the Christian. Shakespeare’s teachers at the Stratford grammar school all had contacts with the â€Å"old faith†. Simon Hunt, his first schoolmaster, from1571 to 1575, left Stratford to matriculate at the University of Doual in the summer of 1575 and later become a Jesuit. One of Shakespeare’s classmates from Stratford, Robert Dibdale, abruptly left with Hunt, was also ordained a priest, and was martyred in 1586. And while studying for the priesthood Debdale shared classes with Thomas Cottom (executed in 1582), whose brother John Cottom was a schoolmaster at Stratford and taught Shakespeare until, under mounting Anti-Catholic pressure from the Crown, he fled home to Lancashire, a Catholic stronghold. And just at the recommendation of Cottom Shakespeare took up a position as a tutor and a player in the Houghton household, a recusant noble Catholic family of Lancashire. David Bradley, 1979: 28) All these go to show that the dramatist in his youth must have been brought up in a very Catholic atmosphere, and indeed the history of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators shows that the neighborhood was regarded as quite a hotbed of recusancy. 2. 2 The influence of Holy Bible on Shakespeare’s Works Due to Shakespeare’s close connection with Chris tianity, the classical work of Christianity, Holy Bible, deeply influenced all of Shakespeare’s works. We all know that Shakespeare knew Holy Bible thoroughly, not only a by-stander, but also a propagator. And there were a lot of pistils in the Bible he read. And especially when he read The Divine Comedy, he circled all the words and expressions related to Holy Bible, without any omission. His tragedies, comedies, historical plays, poems, etc. are full of the elements of Holy Bible. And among all of Shakespeare’s works, the religious ideas embodied more fully in his tragedies than his other works, especially in his four famous tragedies Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear and Othello. The English contemporary critic, Helen Cardina, even deemed Shakespeare’s tragedies as â€Å"Christian tragedies†. Helen Gardner, 1998: 72-74) And one of the famous English scholars has said that there will be no Shakespeare’s work without the Holy Bible. (Zhu Weiji, 1992: 64) 120 Asian Social Science September, 2009 As the essential Christian propositions: sin, punishment, and redemption are found everywhere in his four tragedies. And these are important themes which form the inherent plots and advocated the tragedies; or they become the main measures to realize the tragedies and enlarge the connotations of the tragedies. And here in this article I will mainly explore the exhibition of Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear. . Sin, punishment and redemption embodied in King Lear 3. 1 The sin What is the sin? The ceaselessly swollen desires and lusts will result in the sin; too much free will result in the sin; harboring the evil idea will result in the sin; violating the law of any moral or ethical rules will result in the sin; and so on . The bible emphasizes the original sin of the man. Humans are born with sin. Man’s original sin begins with our forefathers Adam and Eve. Before the original sin comes into our world, â€Å"Everyone who commits sin is a child of the evil; for the devil has been sinning from the beginning. (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 422) And our forefathers Adam and Eve have the right to choose to be good or to be evil, but this depend s on their attitudes. Under the seduction of the evil serpent, Eve ate the forbidden fruit in the Eden and gave some to her husband. So they committed the original sin and were driven out of Eden by God as the punishment. Therefore, from now on, every man is born with sin. Sin can be found in every works of Shakespeare. The connotation of sin in four tragedies is deeper and more serious than his comedies. The four tragedies do not just take some kind of sinful behaviors as the plot frame, but go into the deep meaning of the sin such as the apprehension and the application of the original sin. 3. 1. 1 The sin in King Lear â€Å"Everyone who commits sin is a child of the evil; for evil has been sinning from the beginning. † (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 422 ) Goneril, Regan and Edmund are devils if they were not human. Goneril and Regan persecuted their old father, drove him out of their house, and left him homeless in the wilderness. They would be wiling to kill each other to be Edmund’s queen. They are selfish. Their blood is cold. Edmund demands that all of his desires must be satisfied. His insatiable ambition extends past Cornwall to English Throne. He claimed, â€Å"All with me’s meet that I can fashion fit. † Besides, Edmund disrespected the God. He said, â€Å"My father compounded with my mother under the Dragon’s tail and my nativity was under Ursa Major, so that it follows I am rough and lecherous. Fut, I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmanment twinkled on my bastardizing. † (William Shakespeare, 1999: 435) And all these demonstrate the original sin in human. Regarding Lear, he is an imperious, capricious, arrogant and self-centered king. In any case, he welcomes poisoned flattery but interprets well-intended criticism, whether from Cordelia or Kent, as treason. Lear’s ego seems fully capable ofdemanding the sacrifice from his daughters, especially from his favorite, Cordelia; he has given them his whole kingdom, now let them care for him as befits, his royal rank and patriarchal role. Goneril and Regan are content to flatter and promise obedience knowing that they will turn him out once he has relinquished his authority. Cordelia senses that Lear is demanding love as payment for his parental kindliness. Genuine love ought rather to be selfless. She refuses to lie like her sisters. So Lear misjudges his children and disinherits his loving daughter in favor of his duplicitous daughters. And Gloucester is another Lear. Without any clear evidence he wronged his virtuous son and fell into prey to Edmund’s deceptions and disinherits him. There are too many subjective ideas in these two old man’s mind. This is also one nature of human resulting from the original sin. 3. The Punishment Since everyone is sinned from the beginning according to the Bible. The punishment must follow behind. Usually, there are three aspects of meaning in the punishment: the punishment in the present life, the punishment of the whole life and the punishment of conscience. Adam and Eve are driven out of Eden by God and have to suffer on the earth. And Cain is driven out of hometown. All these convey a meaning that one must responsible for what he is doing in his real life. â€Å"Just as sin came into the world through one man, death came through sin and so death spread to all because all have sinned. (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 270) And death is the most serious punishment. God has arranged for the man. There are also three kinds of death according to the Bible. The first one is the death of the body, or the departure of the body and the soul. To the pagans, this kind of death means that he will lost all the nice things in the earth and be tortured in the hell forever. To the well-behaved believers, this kind of death means free from the bitter life, entering a beautiful world and enjoying the happiness forever. The second one is the death of the soul, that is, the restorable departure of the soul and God. And just like the first kind of death, it is possible to resurrect from this kind of death. For example, the souls of two criminals who are crucified with Jesus have departed from God. Their souls are dead. But one of the criminals begins to have faith in Jesus before he dies. When the other criminals kept deriding Jesus, he said, â€Å"Do you not fear God, since you are under the same sentence of condemnation? And we indeed have been condemned justly, 121 Vol. 5, No. 9 Asian Social Science for we are getting what we deserve for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong. Jesus told him, â€Å"Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in the paradise. † (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 157 ) The third kind of death is the eternal death, which means the complete departure with God and the torture in the hell forever. The death of the criminal who kept deriding Jesus when he was going to put to death belongs to this type. He will never have the chance to resurrect from his eterna l death. 3. 2. 1 The punishment in King Lear In King Lear, none of the people who sinned can avoid the punishment of God. Regan is poisoned to death by her sister Goneril. And Goneril commits suicide. Goneril and Regan have done too many evil things. But they have not repented and asked for pardon until their death. Just like the criminal who deriding Jesus even when he will put to death very soon, their deaths belong to the eternal death. They will be tortured in the hell forever. And they will never have any chance to resurrect from their death. Edmund, whose soul is dead before his body dies, have done numerous evil deeds. He is killed by his brother and deserved his punishment. Regarding Lear and Gloucester, they experienced the hardship owing to their errors. Lear was turned out into the storm by his two daughters and went mad; Gloucester is made physically blinded because of his son Edmund’s betrayal. 3. 3 The Redemption Man has sinned from the beginning. And man’s original sin will no doubt lead to the punishment from the law on the earth, God and the conscience. But it does not mean that man can not find a way out. The Bible will lead the man to redemption. The God will pardon their sins if they believe God. And man can be rescued through the repentance of their sins and their conversion to God. And God loves all those who regret for guilt. Besides, hardship is the symbol of purgatory. One can also be rescued through the hardship he experienced, and his soul will be purified. After the suffering, one may realize the truth thoroughly. And in Shakespeare’s four tragedies, each hero finally realizes his misdeeds and obtains a deeper understanding of life. Christian is a religion of love. The Christian spirit of benevolence, leniency and universal love goes through the Bible distinctively. So some people can be rescued by God because of their benevolence, leniency and universal love. These are the moral qualities the Bible advocates. Therefore the soul this kind of people will be rescued by god even their body is dead. They will live happily in the heaven with God. [21] 3. 3. 1 The redemption in King Lear In King Lear, Lear and Gloucester are rescued through the suffering they have experienced. Lear’s suffering is not without compensation. He learned the truth and discovered himself through his suffering. And through his suffering, he has understood what human’s suffering and need are all about. He begins to pray for the poor, â€Å"Poor naked wretches, wheresoe’er you are,/ That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,/ How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,/ Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you / From seasons such as these? O, I have ta’en/ Too little care of this1 Take physic, pomp;/ Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, / That thou mayest shake the superflux to them/ And show the heavens more just. †[22]And he begins to sympathize with the fool, â€Å"Come on, my boy. How dost, my boy? Art cold? / I am cold myself. — Where is the straw, my fellow? / The art of our necessities is strange, /And can make ile things precious. Come, your hovel. —/ Poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/ That’s sorry yet for thee. (William Shakespeare, 1999: 483) And when Lear recognized Cordelia after all of his suffering, he attempted to kneel down before her and said, â€Å"I am a very old foolish fond old man. à ¢â‚¬  and â€Å"I fear I am not in my perfect mind. † To kneel down is a kind of true enlightenment, indicting the repentance in the bottom of his heart. Gloucester learns a similar truth and expresses it in much the same way as Lear. Like Lear he has driven into exile a virtuous child and had placed in the power of the wicked. Enlightenment comes only though suffering. Just as Lear achieves spiritual wisdom when he goes mad, Gloucester achieves spiritual vision when he is physically blinded. His eyes having been ground out by the heel of Cornwall’s boot, Gloucester asks for Edmund only to learn that Edmund has betrayed him in return for siding with Lear in the approaching civil war. Gloucester’s response, however, is not to accuse Edmund of treachery but to beg forgiveness of the wronged Edgar. Cordelia and Edgar are rescued by God because of their benevolence, leniency and universal love. They both have forgiven and cherished their sinned fathers. And their love is one of the elements that make their fathers grow spiritually. The power of their love, though learned too late to avert catastrophe is at last discovered in its very defeat. And the love embodies by Cordelia and Edgar’s final triumphs over the more anarchic and brutal forces embodies by Regan and Goneril, which can be seen in Albany’s shifting and reconciliation and the restoration of the national order and Edgar’s survival and restoration to his social status. Although Cordelia is dead, her death is not a secular one. The soul of Jesus in the Holy Bible has returned to the arms of God. Cordelia has died for justice like Jesus, so her death is the same as the death of Jesus. She is remembered and respected by the people and her soul also returns to the arms of God. Edmund, whose soul is dead before his body dies, have done numerous evil deeds. But just as the criminal who is 122 Asian Social Science September, 2009 crucified with Jesus together is converted to Jesus before he is put to death, he tells Kent the secret order of killing Lear Cordelia and helps them rescue Cordelia and Lear. Therefore, he will not tortured by the flame in the hell. He will be with the God in the heaven. 4. Conclusion The Christian ideas are the body and soul of Shakespeare’s four tragedies, which add the features of western classic culture and the religious elements to the play. Without them the tragedies will be lack of their original vitality. Shakespeare’s King Lear ends with heroes’ deathKing Lear dies of heartbreak and over-exertion. The sin, punishment and redemption are embodied fully in the death of King Lear. And these tragic endings render the tragedy a far-reaching influence among western countries. The drama not only plays the role of moral teaching of punishing the evil and advocating the good, but also leads the audience to think about means of â€Å"punishment† and â€Å"death† under the Christian culture. King Lear has deepened the religious ideas in the play, and further heightened the Christian feelings, making the play shed the eternal radiance similar to the Holy Bible.

Keys to Effective Communication Essays

Keys to Effective Communication Essays Keys to Effective Communication Essay Keys to Effective Communication Essay Keys to Effective Communication Name: Institution: Keys to Effective Communication Self The effect of attitudes on communication by communicators is portrayed well in the video. An example of this would be Dr. Blalock who has traits of being confident and educated. The book by Russel and Cohn (2012) portrays him as a cardiologist showing his self-confident nature (Russel Cohn, 2012). The way he carries himself and communicates with the other characters aptly brings out these elements. When Vivien Thomas is portrayed as an ambitious and persistent man It is seen that self-confidence, self-awareness and self-esteem affect the way communicators communicate. Dr. Blalock is sterner and commandeering in his speech, which is because of his personality traits. Even when the other doctors told him that he would fail in the surgical procedure, Dr. Blalock never once doubted himself. Rosenberg (2003) shows in his book how personal traits affect communication (Rosenberg, 2003). Communicators self-monitor their behavior well. The characters are able to change their behavior to suit the given environment. Vivien brings this out well by being able to have somewhat of a dual personality when at work and home. When at work he is always busy learning or performing surgery. He is never seen to have any down time. While at home or with his family, he comes off as being a loving husband, father and son and thus his demeanor changes. Others Over time, the communicators are able to fully understand, respect and adapt to each other, for example, the relationship between Dr. Blalock and Vivien. In the beginning of the video, they were strangers. However, as the video progressed, they grew to have a mutual respect for each other and became more than just colleagues but also friends. When Dr. Blalock passed on, it was evident from Vivien’s mannerisms and expression that he was deeply saddened. The communicators blatantly display such messages in the scenes where Vivien is racially abused, and when he is made to sign in when he enters John Hopkins hospital because of his race. The video is rife with such messages to bring out segregation and the civil rights movement in the United States at that time. Communicators are aware and adapt to their messages of gender, age, race, ethnic background and socio-economic status of others. The communicators bring this out. This is because the video shows that there are issues of gender inequality and racial discrimination. For instance, Harold’s death threats because of the teachers’ strike. Purpose Each communicator’s goal is character development in order to bring out the themes and main story of the video. This is the story of a young and hardworking man who was able to overcome diversity and become the doctor he always wanted to be. Vivien clearly states his purpose in the beginning of the video during his interaction with Dr. Blalock when he asked who he is. Vivien tells the doctor how his dream is to become a doctor, which he eventually achieves. Furthermore, Dr. Blalock gives a speech to make Hopkins better. This achievement is evident as Hopkins is the first hospital to pioneer in cardiac surgery. Dr. Blalock is seen to be very persuasive since he convinces the necessary people that Vivien should be given a pay raise. In addition, he convinces the Saxons that their baby should have the surgery despite the fact that it has never been performed before. Communicators combine cultural understanding with observations to set appropriate communicative goals. This is because Vivien was African American. Dr. Blalock was able to understanding with him when Vivien would tell him about the problems he was facing. He also took note of how others treated Vivien. Context Each communicator has adapted to the communication circumstances and setting. An example is the dialogue between Dr. Blalock and Vivien, which is full of medical jargon when in the setting of the hospital. Each communicator was able to change the way they talked or interacted with their changing environments. Content Whenever communicators are seen trying to put across a point, more often than not, they begin with a back-story that relates to their current situation. For instance, when Dr Blalock is operating on the dog, he relates it to a boy who may have fallen from a tree trying to rescue a cat. This is to show that the work they are currently doing on the animals will be able to save human lives. Furthermore, when Dr. Blalock and Vivien were discussing on how to cure the disease for ‘blue babies’, Vivien related their present situation to the procedure on how they would perform surgery on the dogs and from that, they were able to come up with a way. Finally, how Dr. Blalock passion to do medicine came when he contracted TB as a child. Structure Communicators have not effectively organized the components of their messages, organized their messages to promote credibility, empathy, comprehension, interest, persuasion, and/or inspiration. This is because, in some scenes, in the movie, the doctors use racially derogatory names when referring to Vivien. They have done this by making their messages personal and relatable to people. This is demonstrated when Dr. Taussig persuades Dr. Blalock to help her find a cure for ‘blue babies’. She tells Blalock of how many babies die due to it, and she is confident in her belief that it is curable. Vivien’s father also futilely tries to persuade his son Harold to call off the teachers strike due to his father’s plight. Expression Communicator’s questions are straight to the point, and the answers are clear and concise. This brings out in the beginning of the video when Dr. Blalock is asking Vivien who he is. Yes, the communicators express them effectively. They are able to use non-verbal cues to express how they are feeling even though the other party may or may not notice it. When Dr. Blalock tells Mrs. Saxon about the procedure, she is clenching her hands into a tight fist to show worry and anxiety. She also displays these same emotions when doing the actual procedure and she is paces up and down. Communicators aptly use both verbal and nonverbal delivery to convey their messages for instance during the incident of the smoke drum, it is evident from Dr. Blalock mannerisms and speech that he had surely lost him temper. Furthermore, when Dr. Blalock asks Vivien to pick up the beakers with the clamps, from his expression, he was clearly impressed and intrigued about the person who he had not known very well, and was curious about what other talents he possessed. References Russel, J., Cohn, R. (2012). Something The Lord Made. USA: Book on Demand Publishers Rosenberg, M. B. (2003). Non-violent Communication: A language of life: create your life, your relationships your world in harmony with your values. Encinitas, Calif: Puddle Dancer.

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales On October 2, 1835, rebellious Texans and Mexican soldiers clashed in the small town of Gonzales. This small skirmish would have much larger consequences, as it is considered to be the first battle of Texas War of Independence from Mexico. For this reason, the fight at Gonzales is sometimes called the Lexington of Texas, referring to the place which saw the first fighting of the American Revolutionary War. The battle resulted in one dead Mexican soldier but no other casualties. Prelude to Battle By late 1835 tensions between Anglo Texans - called Texians - and Mexican officials in Texas. The Texians were becoming more and more rebellious, defying rules, smuggling goods into and out of the region and generally disrespecting Mexican authority every chance they could. Thus, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna had given the order that the Texians be disarmed. Santa Annas brother-in-law, General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, was in Texas seeing that the order was carried out. The Cannon of Gonzales Some years previously, the people of the small town of Gonzales had requested a cannon for use in defense against Indian raids, and one had been provided for them. In September 1835, following orders from Cos, Colonel Domingo Ugartechea sent a handful of soldiers to Gonzales to retrieve the cannon. Tensions were high in the town, as a Mexican soldier had recently beaten up a citizen of Gonzales. The people of Gonzales angrily refused to return the cannon and even arrested the soldiers sent to retrieve it. Mexican Reinforcements Ugartechea then sent a force of some 100 dragoons (light cavalry) under the command of Lieutenant Francisco de Castaà ±eda to retrieve the cannon. A small Texian militia met them at the river near Gonzales and told them that the mayor (with whom Castaà ±eda wished to speak) was unavailable. The Mexicans were not allowed to pass into Gonzales. Castaà ±eda decided to wait and set up camp. A couple of days later, when told that armed Texian volunteers were flooding into Gonzales, Castaà ±eda moved his camp and continued to wait. The Battle of Gonzales The Texians were spoiling for a fight. By the end of September, there were some 140 armed rebels ready for action in Gonzales. They elected John Moore to lead them, awarding him the rank of Colonel. The Texians crossed the river and attacked the Mexican camp on the misty morning of October 2, 1835. The Texians even used the cannon in question during their attack, and flew a makeshift flag reading â€Å"Come and Take it.† Castaà ±eda hastily called for a cease-fire and asked Moore why they had attacked him. Moore replied that they were fighting for the cannon and the Mexican constitution of 1824, which had guaranteed rights for Texas but had since been replaced. The Aftermath of the Battle of Gonzales Castaà ±eda did not want a fight: he was under orders to avoid one if possible and may have sympathized with the Texans in terms of states rights. He retreated to San Antonio, having lost one man killed in action. The Texan rebels did not lose anyone, the worst injury being a broken nose suffered when a man fell off a horse. It was a short, insignificant battle, but it soon bloomed into something much more important. The blood spilled that October morning marked a point of no return for the rebellious Texians. Their victory in Gonzales meant that disgruntled frontiersmen and settlers all over Texas formed into active militias and took up arms against Mexico. Within a couple of weeks, all of Texas was up in arms and Stephen F. Austin had been named commander of all Texan forces. For the Mexicans, it was an insult to their national honor, a brazen challenge by rebellious citizens which needed to be put down immediately and decisively. As for the cannon, its fate is uncertain. Some say it was buried along a road not long after the battle. A cannon discovered in 1936 may be it and it is currently on display in Gonzales. It also may have gone to the Alamo, where it would have seen action in the legendary battle there: the Mexicans melted down some of the cannons they captured after the battle. The Battle of Gonzales is considered the first true battle of the Texas Revolution, which would continue through the legendary Battle of the Alamo and not be decided until the Battle of San Jacinto. Today, the battle is celebrated in the town of Gonzales, where there is an annual re-enactment and there are historical markers to show the various important locations of the battle. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Paperback, Reprint edition, Anchor, February 8, 2005. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States. 1st Edition, Hill and Wang, May 13, 2008.

Obesity in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Obesity in the US - Essay Example The beginning of the 21st century is marked by obesity problems and overweight affecting American population. Statistical results and research studies suggest that obesity becomes a national problem which affected millions of adults and children around the country. Obesity is an epidemic. It tends to have more negative than positive effect on the economy and can greatly reduce ones life expectancy. The best resolution to eradicate this spreading disease is by educating people about a healthy diet and regular exercises, starting with the younger generations. Aside from surgery, a healthy lifestyle is the only option that will work (Sugarmann and Sandman 1403). This paper will discuss the background of the disease, some preventative measures that can be taken as well as a proposed solution and proposed policy. The policy that will help the nation to improve their eating habits is to educate the public on the dangers and medical quandaries that obesity causes and to help eradicate this epidemic from our nation. Obesity is defined as: "an excess of body fat, and is distinct from "overweight" (Toth and Schwartz 13) which means an excess of body weight. When contrasted with smoking and drinking, obesity at first seems like a less serious health problem. Obesity is not only more hazardous than smoking and drinking, but it also leads to a higher cost for health care and medicine. Statistics also show that obesity contributes approximately 740,000 deaths from heart diseases, 540,000 from cancer, 158,000 from stroke, and 59,000 from diabetes are mainly contributable to obesity. In many cases of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, female patients often feel pressure because they cannot accept their appearances and eventually starve themselves to stay in shape. Obesity is one of the main reasons for increases in suicides in the United States (CDC) (Pollan 2003). Pollan questions: "Since the raw materials of soda and popcorn, French fries and even hamburgers represent such a tiny fraction of their retail price (compared with labor, packaging and advertising), expanding portion size becomes a way to multiply sales without adding much to costs" (Pollan 2003'; see appendix 1). Prevalence For adults, obesity is a result of unhealthy eating behavior they follow from early childhood changing nothing during their mature years. Important detail is that people possess unhealthy eating patterns from the yearly age which lead them to overweight problem in near future. As a result, mental and physical health problems arise when two conflicting values are being absorbed by a child such as becoming more desirable if one is slim and beautiful, as opposed by a baser instinct to indulge one's gastronomical appetite (Toth and Schwartz 13) What is most commonly observed then among sufferers is their low self-esteem. They see weight reduction as the only way for them to be accepted and loved. Many of people feel that they are not good enough, they are not capable of doing anything right, and have an illusion that their appearance is always scrutinized by others, have an incorrect perspective that they would be happier and life would be better if they could just lose weight. Negative body image contrasts with media images of ideal body and the importance of physical attractiveness and supported by clothes manufacturers who "popularize" baggy life style. The problem is that many children consider that doing exercise is less delightful than other unhealthful alternatives such as watching

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on Essay

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on 20th Century Music in the West - Essay Example The emergence of sound system dances allowed for the spread of Jamaican music throughout the Western world. Jamaican music evolved through commercialization, starting from a point of trying to appeal through human emotional issues, but eventually taking on the role as a central part of the political evolution of Jamaica during the latter 20th Century. As Bob Marley took on an international presence, he and others who followed brought reggae to the United States where it influenced the evolution of politically volatile rap music. The influences of Jamaican music on the Western world evolved from an island that was undergoing social and political change. Jamaican Music Development History of the Jamaican Sound The history of Jamaica is mixed between the African heritage and the colonialism of Europe. The main language of Jamaica of the island is English, but the traditional history of the region is that evolved from small villages on the island from the roots of an African heritage whi ch was untouched by European influence. From the evidence of the primarily European influences on daily life, it can be concluded that Jamaica is primarily a European influenced culture but has retained the flavor of Africa in its arts. According to Chang and Chen, â€Å"the performance style of authentic folk music in Jamaica is African, no matter what the origins of the music†.1 The proof of this is seen in Rastafarian renditions of European Bible hymns in which complicated percussive expressions and the insertion of syncopations not in the original music are decidedly African influenced. Additionally, the use of relaxed vocal timbre which obtains the sound from the face rather than from the head expresses an African style as opposed to a European influence.2 One of the more prevalent techniques that can be seen in Jamaica that is directly influenced from Africa is the call and answer group vocal technique. Most music in both the African and Jamaican format is conceived voc ally. This is so important that there exists a ‘sing-talk’ format that can be considered the precursor to rap. The call and answer form, which is fairly self-explanatory, is a core of African and Jamaican musical performance. Rural Jamaican music is rife with this format and it has been translated as an influential factor into ska, rocksteady, and reggae.3 The belief is that most of the African influences are from the period of time of colonial slavery, but this may not be the case. The theory that African influence is based solely on this time of slavery can be refuted when taken into consideration with the addition of indentured servants who came outside of slavery during the period between 1841 and 1865. The Rastafarians are defined by Ethiopian origins, by the Bongo Nation are influenced from ancestry in the Congo-Angola region of West Africa. What is now known by Rastafarians as Nyabinghi can be shown to be a direct result of the combination of theses traditions.4 According to Chang and Chen â€Å"Jamaican popular music has always mixed the rhythm of Africa and the melody of Europe†5 During the early 20th century Jamaica was beginning to create a post-colonialism world with a distinct national identity. In the 1930s music that was specific to Jamaica began to emerge as a defining element of the culture. As development workers began to work towards improving conditions of villages and towns, organizing a network in order to gain control over distribution of resources and to

Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Effects of Day Care on Social Development Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Effects of Day Care on Social Development Essay Belsky and Rovine (1988) conducted a study in order to assess attachment using the strange situation technique. They observed infants who had been receiving 20 hours or more of day care per week before the age of 1. Their findings suggested that, in comparison to children at home, these children were more often insecurely attached. With insecure attachments being associated with poorer social relationships this may be considered a negative effect of day care. The NICHD started a longitudinal study in 1991 to study many aspects of child development. Similarly the NICHD study found that children who were in day care for more than 30 hours a week were 3 times more likely to show behaviour problems when they went to school. By comparing the two studies we can see that the amount of time spent in day care plays an important role in whether or not children showed negative effects. However Violata and Russell’s meta-analysis showed that when time spent in day care exceeds 20 hours a week negative effects become apparent however the NICHD study found this time to be 30 hours therefore the results are contradictory and inconsistent. The EPPE study was a large scale, longitudinal study of the progress and development of 3,000 children in various types of pre-school education across the UK. The results of the EPPE study found that high levels of day care, particularly nursery care in the first 2 years, may elevate the risk of developing anti-social behaviour. To some degree the EPPE study supports the findings of Belsky and Rovine’s study as both found that the age of the child when placed in day care contributed to whether or not it was perceived to have negative implications. However the two studies can only be looked at comparatively to a certain extent as Belsky and Rovine’s study assessed infants under the age of 1 whereas the EPPE study assessed children up to the age of 7. Clarke-Steward et al studied 150 children and found that those who were in day care were consistently more advanced in their social development than  children who stayed home with mothers, enabling them to better deal with peer relationships. Likewise, the EPPE study found increased independence and sociability in the children who attended day care. Field (1991) found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children has once they went to school. However, although these findings suggest that full-time day care had positive effects on the child, the results clash with studies conducted by Belsky and Rovine. This may be due to individual differences of the children assessed in both studies, for example shy children may have appeared insecure when assessed using the strange situation technique by Belsky and Rovine. Moreover the positive correlation shown in Field’s study cannot accurately be used as grounds to state that full-time day care causes children to be more popular as correlation is not causation.

Hypertext as a Rhizome :: Literature Literary Essays

Hypertext as a Rhizome Hypertext is an innovative writing form that has been applied to many different facets of the internet. It provides flexibility for both authors and readers because of the way ideas are linked to one another. One of the most experimental forms is the hypertext novel. Until recently, readers were limited to only linear text. The introduction of hypertext allows for non-linear forms of text, which allow readers to move from one point in the text to another simply by clicking a link. One of the main features of hypertext is this interconnectivity. The way in which the parts of text are linked is best described as a rhizome. The first step in comparing hypertext to a rhizome system is to understand just what a rhizome is. The philosopher Gilles Deleuze came up with the idea and Janet Murray applied to hypertext. A rhizome is a tuber root system in which any point may be connected to another point. â€Å"Deleuze used the rhizome root system as a model of connectivity in systems of ideas† (Murray 132). One simplified example of this is the prewriting technique of making a web. There is one central idea and then several thoughts that branch out from it. These thoughts can be connected to each other so that the writer can move easily between them when creating a piece of writing. The rhizome system has also been applied to the notion of an allusive text system that is not linear like a book, but boundaryless without closure. Hypertext is one example of this phenomenon. In following with the web analogy, there is one main idea of the story and then many other branches that are embedded in the text. The reader does not necessarily have to move on to the next one on the list, but can choose from any of the available options. There is an opportunity later to come back to any ideas that the reader may have missed or skipped over. This format makes the text circular instead of linear. There is no start or finish, just a never-ending loop of information that changes order depending on the reader This rhizome feature of hypertext makes it interesting and creative for readers. They can choose which direction they want to take and essentially create a new story every time they explore the text.

Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs Health And Social Care Essay

A really of import factor in long-run recovery is go oning stroke rehabilitation at place. Surveies have shown that one time stroke patients return place there is a diminution in their rehabilitation and less attending is given to it. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System conducted research in 2005 and concluded merely 31 % of shot subsisters receive outpatient rehabilitation. This resulted in lower rates of functional position and reduced quality of life. In the longer term surveies besides show that less than 10 % of people after a shot receive occupational or physical therapy. However, lower degrees of disablement and on-going jobs were reported by those patients who did have therapy. Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs The benefits for patients who received uninterrupted, long-run rehab were legion. Patients were able to larn new schemes to counterbalance for abilities lost, created new nervous connexions to short-circuit damaged encephalon cells, decreased medical complications, reduced the hazard of another shot, and made the most of their new functional abilities. Fiscal factors are one obstruction in the manner of therapy, healers and professional health professionals. On traveling conformity of patients can besides interfere with follow-up intervention, particularly for those who may experience better or have become independent already. But the biggest challenge comes in the transportation of information and engineering to those who will really utilize it. In order to maximize recovery continiuing shot rehabilitation at place is really of import. It should be made a precedence because of how important it is for the shot subsister ‘s uninterrupted recovery.Life after a shotThere are ways to do life easier if your abilities are impacted due to stroke. Dressing can be made easier by choosing apparels with front fasteners and replacing buttons, slide fasteners, and lacings with Velcro closings. There are besides several dressing AIDSs available, such as pole-handled shoe horns on Internet sites and in wellness supply shops. Particular utensils such as flatware with built-up grips which are easier to hold on and rocker knives for cutting nutrient with one manus can assist people with physically-impaired weaponries and custodies. Helpful bathroom devices include, among others, grab bars in shower or bath, raised lavatory place, bath bench, electric razor and toothbrush and flip-top toothpaste tubing. A strokeA can beA life-changing and life-altering, nevertheless, one can stillA hold a great quality of life.A A A better name for shot may be â€Å" encephalon onslaught. â€Å" A The affects of a shot depend on the location of the encephalon attack.A An of import point to retrieve is that every shot is different and therefore, each shot subsister must be treatedA separately based on their shot outcome.A While every shot subsister has one thing in common — evidently, they have suffered a shot, they are still a alone individual — they have a name, a face, and a personality ( and some personalities are more alone than others. ) A A shot may non merely impact a individual physically and cognitively, but besides emotionally and financially as well.A A While the route to recovery depends on the person, health professionals play a particular and of import role.A There is so much information and cognition about shot now compared to the pastA Our infirmaries are better equipped to cover with the ague attention of shot and get down the person on their route to recovery.A Rehabilitation Centers continue that route and assist the shot subsister and convey them to the following level.A However, that period after a rehab centre, stroke subsisters and their households find themselves inquiring the inquiry: â€Å" What Now and What Next? â€Å" A Fortunately, in Kansas City there is the American Stroke Foundation where shot subsisters can go to and go on on their recovery road.A A ASF is non a medical installation, but instead a Wellness Center for shot subsisters and their families.A Stroke subsisters can go to categor ies and activities to re-build their life.A ASF is the lone non-profit organisation in the United States that is entirely dedicated to working hands-on with shot subsisters to authorise them to get the better of the challenges from their shot.Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Fact SheetAAIn the United States more than 700,000 people suffer a stroke* each twelvemonth, and about two-thirds of these persons survive and require rehabilitation. The ends of rehabilitation are to assist subsisters go every bit independent as possible and to achieve the best possible quality of life. Even though rehabilitation does non â€Å" remedy † shot in that it does non change by reversal encephalon harm, rehabilitation can well assist people achieve the best possible long-run result.What is post-stroke rehabilitation?Rehabilitation helps stroke subsisters relearn accomplishments that are lost when portion of the encephalon is damaged. For illustration, these accomplishments can include organizing leg motions in order to walk or transporting out the stairss involved in any complex activity. Rehabilitation besides teaches subsisters new ways of executing undertakings to besiege or counterbalance for any residuary disablements. Patients may necessitate to larn how to bathe and dress utilizing merely one manus, or how to pass on efficaciously when their ability to utilize linguistic communication has been compromised. There is a strong consensus among rehabilitation experts that the most of import component in any rehabilitation plan is carefully directed, well-focused, insistent pattern – the same sort of pattern used by all people when they learn a new accomplishment, such as playing the piano or fliping a baseball. Rehabilitative therapy begins in the acute-care infirmary after the patient ‘s medical status has been stabilized, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after the shot. The first stairss involve advancing independent motion because many patients are paralyzed or earnestly weakened. Patients are prompted to alter places often while lying in bed and to prosecute in passive or active range-of-motion exercisings to beef up their stroke-impaired limbs. ( â€Å" Passive † range-of-motion exercisings are those in which the healer actively helps the patient travel a limb repeatedly, whereas â€Å" active † exercisings are performed by the patient with no physical aid from the healer. ) Patients advancement from sitting up and reassigning between the bed and a chair to standing, bearing their ain weight, and walking, with or without aid. Rehabilitation nurses and healers help patients execute increasingly more complex and demanding undertakings, such as bathing, dressing, and u tilizing a lavatory, and they encourage patients to get down utilizing their stroke-impaired limbs while prosecuting in those undertakings. Get downing to reacquire the ability to transport out these basic activities of day-to-day life represents the first phase in a shot subsister ‘s return to functional independency. For some shot subsisters, rehabilitation will be an on-going procedure to keep and polish accomplishments and could affect working with specializers for months or old ages after the shot.Physical healersPhysical healers specialize in handling disablements related to motor and centripetal damages. They are trained in all facets of anatomy and physiology related to normal map, with an accent on motion. They assess the shot subsister ‘s strength, endurance, scope of gesture, pace abnormalcies, and centripetal shortages to plan individualised rehabilitation plans aimed at recovering control over motor maps. Physical healers help subsisters regain the usage of stroke-impaired limbs, teach compensatory schemes to cut down the consequence of staying shortages, and set up on-going exercising plans to assist people retain their freshly learned accomplishments. Disabled people tend to avoid utilizing impaired limbs, a behaviour called learned non-use. However, the insistent usage of impaired limbs encourages encephalon plasticity** and helps cut down disablements. Schemes used by physical healers to promote the usage of impaired limbs include selective centripetal stimulation such as tapping or stroking, active and inactive range-of-motion exercisings, and impermanent restraint of healthy limbs while practising motor undertakings. Some physical healers may utilize a new engineering, transdermal electrical nervus stimulation ( TENS ) , that encourages encephalon reorganisation and recovery of map. TENS involves utilizing a little investigation that generates an electrical current to excite nervus activity in stroke-impaired limbs. In general, physical therapy emphasizes practising stray motions, repeatedly altering from one sort of motion to another, and practising complex motions that require a great trade of coordination and balance, such as walking up or down stepss or traveling safely between obstructions. Peoples excessively weak to bear their ain weight can still pattern insistent motions during hydropathy ( in which H2O provides centripetal stimulation every bit good as weight support ) or while being partly supported by a harness. A recent tendency in physical therapy emphasizes the effectivity of prosecuting in purposive activities, such as playing games, to advance coordination. Physical healers often employ selective centripetal stimulation to promote usage of impaired limbs and to assist subsisters with neglect regain consciousness of stimulations on the ignored side of the organic structure.Occupational and recreational healersLike physical healers, occupational healers are concerned with betterin g motor and centripetal abilities. They help subsisters relearn accomplishments needed for executing autonomous activities-occupations-such as personal training, fixing repasts, and clean housing. Therapists can learn some subsisters how to accommodate to driving and supply on-road preparation. They frequently teach people to split a complex activity into its constituent parts, pattern each portion, and so execute the whole sequence of actions. This scheme can better coordination and may assist people with apraxia relearn how to transport out planned actions. Occupational healers besides teach people how to develop compensatory schemes and how to alter elements of their environment that bound activities of day-to-day life. For illustration, people with the usage of merely one manus can replace Velcro closings for buttons on vesture. Occupational healers besides help people make alterations in their places to increase safety, take barriers, and ease physical operation, such as put ining grab bars in bathrooms. Recreational healers help people with a assortment of disablements to develop and utilize their leisure clip to heighten their wellness, independency, and quality of life.Speech-language diagnosticiansSpeech-language diagnosticians help stroke subsisters with aphasia relearn how to utilize linguistic communication or develop alternate agencies of communicating. They besides help people better their ability to get down, and they work with patients to develop problem-solving and societal accomplishments needed to get by with the aftereffects of a shot. Many specialized curative techniques have been developed to help people with aphasia. Some signifiers of short-run therapy can better comprehension quickly. Intensive exercisings such as reiterating the healer ‘s words, practising following waies, and making reading or composing exercisings form the basis of linguistic communication rehabilitation. Colloquial coaching and dry run, every bit good asA the development of prompts or cues to assist people retrieve specific words, are sometimes good. Speech-language diagnosticians besides help stroke subsisters develop schemes for besieging linguistic communication disablements. These schemes can include the usage of symbol boards or mark linguistic communication. Recent progresss in computing machine engineering have spurred the development of new types of equipment to heighten communicating. Speech-language diagnosticians use noninvasive imagination techniques to analyze get downing forms of shot subsisters and place the exact beginning of their damage. Troubles with get downing have many possible causes, including a delayed swallowing physiological reaction, an inability to pull strings nutrient with the lingua, or an inability to observe nutrient staying lodged in the cheeks after get downing. When the cause has been pinpointed, speech-language diagnosticians work with the person to invent schemes to get the better of or minimise the shortage. Sometimes, merely altering organic structure place and up position during eating can convey approximately betterment. The texture of nutrients can be modified to do get downing easier ; for illustration, thin liquids, which frequently cause choking, can be thickened. Changing eating wonts by taking little bites and masticating easy can besides assist relieve dysphagia.Vocational healersApproximately one-quarter of all shots occur in people between the ages of 45 and 65. For most people in this age group, returning to work is a major concern. Vocational healers perform many of the same maps that ordinary calling counsellors do. They can assist people with residuary disablements identify vocational strengths and develop resumes that highlight those strengths. They besides can assist place possible employers, aid in specific occupation hunts, and supply referrals to stroke vocational rehabilitation bureaus. Most of import, vocational healers educate handicapped persons about their rights and protections as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This jurisprudence requires employers to do â€Å" sensible adjustments † for handicapped employees. Vocational healers often act as go-betweens between employers and employees to negociate the proviso of sensible adjustments in the workplace.Where can a shot patient acquire rehabilitation?Rehabilitation should get down every bit shortly as a shot patient is stable, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after a shot. This first phase of rehabilitation normally occurs within an acute-care infirmary. At the clip of discharge from the infirmary, the shot patient and household co-ordinate with hospital societal workers to turn up a suited life agreement. Many stroke subsisters return place, but some move into some type of medical installation.

Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball

Baseball is an international sport played by young and old, amateurs and professionals. After Team USA failed to win the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics, Barry Bloom wrote in March 2009, â€Å"And now it can't be ignored: The U. S. is no longer the undisputed leader of the game that was invented on its own soil. † (Bloom, 2009) The World Baseball Classic, sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation and supported by professional baseball leagues from around the world, is the first international baseball tournament to feature players from major leagues around the world (International Baseball Federation, 2010). The inaugural World Baseball Classic was played in 2006. The second was held in 2009, with tournaments to be held every four years (International Baseball Federation, 2010). Team Japan, Nippon Professional Baseball, won the first two World Baseball Classics while Team USA, Major League Baseball, finished sixth in 2006 and fourth in 2009. The basic objective in baseball is to win by scoring more runs than your opponent. Rule 1. 1 of Official Baseball Rules states, â€Å"Baseball is a game between two teams of nine players each, under direction of a manager, played on an enclosed field in accordance with these rules, under jurisdiction of one or more umpires. † (Major League Baseball, 2010, p. 1). The infield is a 90 foot square and the pitchers mound is 60’6† from home plate. The ball is round and â€Å"formed by yarn wound around a small core of cork, rubber or similar material, covered with white horsehide or cowhide, tightly stitched together. † (Major League Baseball, 2010, p. ). The bat, one piece of solid wood, is a â€Å"smooth, round stick not more than 2. 61 inches in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in length. † (Major League Baseball, 2010, p. 6). While the rules and objectives are generally the same, just what differences exist between Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball? Major League Baseball is divided into two leagues with a total of thirty teams. The National League is comprised of sixteen teams and the American League is comprised of fourteen teams. The thirty teams play a 162 game schedule and compete for eight post-season playoff spots and teams are named after the city or state they represent. In contrast, Nippon Professional Baseball is divided into two leagues with a total of twelve teams. Six teams comprise both the Central and Pacific Leagues. The twelve teams play a 144 game schedule and compete for six post-season playoff spots and the teams are named after the company that owns them. Major League Baseball games are scheduled for nine innings. If the score is tied at the end of nine innings, play continues until a winner is determined; no matter how long it takes (Major League Baseball, 2010, p. 37). However, tie games are a possibility in Nippon Professional Baseball games. Similar to Major League Baseball, Nippon Baseball games are scheduled for nine innings. In contrast, if the score is tied at the end of nine innings, the teams play three additional innings. If no winner is determined, the game is called a draw (Williams, 2009). Major League Baseball players and managers place an emphasis on home runs and pitching. Former Baltimore Orioles Manager Earl Weaver said, â€Å"The key to winning baseball games is pitching, fundamentals, and three run homers† (Baseball Almanac, 2011). By contrast, Nippon Professional Baseball managers place less emphasis on home runs. Instead they focus more on the fundamentals of bunting, base running and fielding. Because of these differences, Nippon baseball games typically have closer and lower final scores (Hardcastle, 2006). Major League stadiums are standardized (Major League Baseball, 2010, p. 2). Infields and outfields are well-groomed grass or synthetic turf. Nippon Baseball stadiums, on the other hand, are smaller and irregularly shaped. The outfields are grass while almost all of the infields are dirt (Yates, 2005). While the rules are generally the same, Major League Baseball has more teams, plays more games, games do not end in a tie and teams are named after the city or state they represent. Players and managers focus on home runs and pitching and the stadiums are standardized and infields well-groomed. On the other hand, Nippon Professional Baseball has less teams, play less games, allows ties and the teams are named after the company that owns them. The focus is on bunting, base running and fielding and the stadiums are smaller and most infields are dirt. No matter the similarities and differences, both Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball have the same objective. Score more runs than your opponent!

Whos to blame media or parents essays

Whos to blame media or parents essays What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere we look, violence rears its ugly head. We see it in the streets, back alleys, schools, and even at home. In the light of the Littleton, Colorado Columbine High shootings, the debate has grown over how media influences children and adolescents. There are many statistics that undeniably support the theory that media causes violence in young children. The entertainment industry insists that their publications(including TV, magazines, Internet, etc.) are legal, guaranteed under the First Amendment. So, who takes responsibility for the crimes committed by juveniles. Is it the entertainment industry (for displaying conscious violence), the government (for lack of regulation), or the parents (for lack of control?). This paper will explore each in an unbiased view. America, the nation with the highest homicide rate in the developed world, has seen violence soar to epidemic levels over the past several decades. During this time there has been passionate and ongoing debate about whether there is a causal relationship between media violence and aggression in society. Contrary to some claims, the medical, public health, and scientific communities are in agreement that such a relationship exists. Extensive reviews of more than forty years of scientific studies have led researchers to conclude that the media significantly contributes to the aggressive behavior and attitudes of children, adolescents and adults. (Donnerstein, 1993) In fact, the 1982 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports, supporting the Surgeon General's landmark 1972 conclusions, stated that, "In magnitude television violence is as strongly correlated with aggressive behavior as any other behavioral variable that has been measured." (National, 1982) In 1985, the APA endorsed the Surgeon General and NIMH conclusions that televised violence has a causal effect on aggressive behavior. The A...

5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line

5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line 5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line Writing a great marketing email or newsletter is one thing. Encouraging your subscribers to open said email is another thing entirely. As such, you need a great subject line. But how can you create a subject line that will boost open rates? Our top tips for a great email subject line include: Keep email subject lines short and simple (ideally, six to ten words). Tailor subject lines to suit your brand, audience and goals. Personalize each subject line using your customer information. Avoid words and phrases that trigger spam filters. Use A/B testing to refine your email subject lines. For more detail on optimizing your email subject lines, read on below. 1. Keep It Short The best email subject lines are usually short and simple. In fact, subject lines between six and ten words long generate the highest open rates. Thus, you need to set out what the email is about in clear, concise terms. Sometimes, this simply means getting straight to the point: Here, the subject line is simple, but it tells the recipient exactly what they need to know. And that is often enough! In other cases, you may need to tempt the recipient to open the email by setting out a time-limited offer or asking a question: Even in these â€Å"tempting† subject lines, though, a punchy message will usually work best. If nothing else, you risk losing part of the sentence with a long subject line. And if you do use a longer subject line, you will therefore need to front load the important information: In the email above, for example, the subject line was long enough that the browser did not display the whole message. But the most important detail – Save up to 75% on Weekly Sale – is right at the start, so the sender could be sure that all recipients would read this information. 2. Think About Your Audience and Goals No single â€Å"style† will suit every email. Instead, the best approach for each subject line will depend on your brand voice, audience and goals. The first two of these – brand voice and audience – go hand in hand. After all, your brand should reflect what your customers expect from your business. So, if you’re running an entertainment news website aimed at a young audience, you might pack your email subject lines with slang or emoji. But the same approach may not be appropriate for mailing an accountant’s client list. Dated slang is another hazard for try-hard accountants. Similarly, an email subject line should reflect your aims. Are you trying to convert new subscribers into customers? Remind existing customers of a deadline? Provide news about your business? In any case, think about how you can tailor the email subject line to help achieve your goal. 3. Personalize Each Subject Line Adding a personal touch to an email subject line can boost open rates. This may include any number of the following: The subscriber’s first name (e.g., the LinkedIn email above). Mentioning products or services that reflect the user’s past purchases. Sending a greeting or offer on the user’s birthday. Localizing emails based on a subscriber’s address. How you approach personalization will depend on your business and the information you have on your subscribers. But people are much more likely to open an email if they feel it was written for them. 4. Avoid the Spam Filters If your emails end up in the Spam folders of your subscribers, nobody will read them. So to stop this happening, you should try to avoid words and phrases that sound â€Å"spammy† in your subject lines. This does include some fairly obvious terms – a subject line that says EARN  £Ã‚ £Ã‚ £ FROM HOME TODAY!!! is not likely to get past any spam filters. But it can also include innocuous phrases such as â€Å"great deal† or â€Å"compare rates,† so make sure to check a list of spam trigger words. 5. Test Different Subject Lines Finally, A/B testing is a great way to refine your email subject lines over time. This involves sending two versions of the same subject line to different parts of your subscriber list and seeing which generates the best results. And these results are specific to your business. Thus – whatever other companies are doing and whatever the marketing blogs are saying – you will get to know exactly what your customers respond to, letting you target them more effectively.